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What the Tor­to­ise Said to Laurie

Laurie took a left turn at the sign mar­ked “Re­curs­ion Junc­tion”. After a crest­ing a lit­tle hill she ended up at... Re­curs­ion Junc­tion! (Ex­cerpted from Laur­en Ipsum, a book about com­put­er sci­ence, pro­gramm­ing, and other stran­ge fan­tas­ies.)

“Is this the same place?” Laurie asked her­self. “It cer­tain­ly looks the same.”

She tried a right turn, but after a short while she was back where she star­ted. When she tried a second time, and a third, and twenty-seventh time, she al­ways came back to Re­curs­ion Junc­tion.

“Every time I take a turn, it seems as though I am going some­where else, but I al­ways end up in the same place. What’s going on?”

She went round

...and round

...and round

...and round so many times that Laurie lost count. Just as she was about to give up, the next turn round put her on a dif­ferent road.

The road was neat and straight, and seemed to stretch on forev­er. Ahead of her, a man in a Greek hel­met was sitt­ing on a large green round an­im­al with a shell. They were mov­ing slow­ly and steadi­ly away.

“Hey! Wait!” Laurie shouted, runn­ing up to the pair.

“Ah, at last some­one has caught up to us!” the an­im­al said. “I thought it was im­pos­sible.”

“Don’t start THAT old ar­gu­ment again!” said the man.

“Hello, I am Tor­to­ise, a humble tor­to­ise,” said the an­im­al. “And this is my es­teemed com­pan­ion, Ac­hilles the Logician.”

At your ser­vice, miss!” said Ac­hilles, bow­ing grand­ly from his perch atop the Tor­to­ise.

“Um, Hello. My name is Laur­en Ipsum.” Laurie at­tempted a curtsey.

“‘Laur­en Ipsum’. That’s quite a GENERIC name, isn’t it?” ob­ser­ved Ac­hilles.

“Never mind that. How did you get here?” asked Tor­to­ise.

“I don’t rea­l­ly know,” Laurie said. “I was fol­low­ing the path to Sym­bol but I got tur­ned around at Re­curs­ion Junc­tion.”

“That often hap­pens. You spent a fair amount of time chas­ing your tail, I im­agine.”

“But I don’t have a tail!”

“Got away from you, did it? Well, it should turn up again,” said Tor­to­ise. “Or per­haps it was opt­imized away. But see­ing as MOST of you is pre­sent, per­haps you can help us re­sol­ve a dis­cuss­ion.”

“Well, I can try.”

“Splen­did. The ques­tion I was pos­ing to my dear friend Ac­hilles is this: How long is an in­finite piece of str­ing?”

“An in­finite str­ing? In­finite means it’s rea­l­ly rea­l­ly rea­l­ly rea­l­ly rea­l­ly REA­L­LY long. Rea­l­ly.” said Laurie.

“Ah! You agree with ME,” Ac­hilles said, “and so the burd­en of proof must be borne by the other side.”

“The burd­en of Ac­hilles on my BACK is more than en­ough!” said Tor­to­ise.

“My col­league the Tor­to­ise is wise in many matt­ers,” Ac­hilles ex­plained. “But he is clear­ly wrong this time. He main­tains that an in­finite str­ing can be less than TWO IN­CHES long!”

“But how can an in­finite str­ing be two in­ches long?” Laurie asked.

“His claim sounds pre­pos­ter­ous and in­discrete,” said Ac­hilles. “We are in con­tinu­ous dis­ag­ree­ment.”

“I never dis­ag­ree,” said Tor­to­ise. “I only dis­cuss, es­pecial­ly with a for­mid­able in­tel­lect such as yours, Ac­hilles.” Ac­hilles pre­ened at the Tor­toise’s pra­ise. “Allow me to sug­gest a way to settle the matt­er.”

“Please, sug­gest away,” said Ac­hilles.

“Let us build —hy­pot­hetical­ly, of co­ur­se— an in­finite piece of str­ing, and then measure it. Laurie can be our im­par­ti­al judge.”

“I ac­cept. Ex­peri­ment al­ways beats Theo­ry,” Ac­hilles said. “And an im­par­ti­al judge sounds won­der­ful, es­pecial­ly if she al­ready ag­rees with me!”

“Ex­cel­lent,” said Tor­to­ise. “Let us begin. If you had an in­finite numb­er of pieces of str­ing, and laid them end-to-end, would that be in­fin­te­ly long? Hy­pot­hetical­ly?”

“Yes, it must be.” said Laurie.

“No matt­er how long or short each in­dividu­al piece is?” asked Tor­to­ise.

“Sur­e­ly,” said Ac­hilles. “In­fin­ity is in­fin­ity.”

“I won­d­er. Sup­pose we start with a piece of str­ing ONE inch long,” Tor­to­ise said. “Then add a second piece of str­ing that is ONE-HALF inch long. How long are they togeth­er?”

“One-and-a-half in­ches,” Laurie said.

“And that is short­er than two in­ches?” Tor­to­ise asked.

“One-half inch short­er. Un­mis­takab­ly.” Ac­hilles an­swered.

“Laurie?”

“That sounds right.”

“We all agree thus far,” said Tor­to­ise. “Per­haps we’ll con­ver­ge on the same con­clus­ion.”

“I doubt that!” said Ac­hilles. Laurie wasn’t sure where Tor­to­ise was going, but she doub­ted too.

“Ac­hilles, would you please keep count of our hy­pot­het­ical str­ing? I want to add a third piece ONE-QUARTER of an inch long,” said Tor­to­ise. “Is our str­ing now one-and-three-quarters in­ches long?”

Ac­hilles re­trieved a much-used notebook from under his hel­met and scribbled some figures. “It seems so,” he said.

“With one-quarter inch to spare?” asked Tor­to­ise.

Scribble. “Yes, only one-quarter inch! You are a finger’s-width away from de­feat!”

“Add an EIGHTH-inch piece,” Tor­to­ise con­tinued. “Do I still have some space left over?”

“Yes, but I’ll have be­at­en you soon!” Ac­hilles crowed. “Your str­ing is only an eighth-inch away from the limit, and you’ve only done FOUR pieces!”

“You may well prove right, Ac­hilles, but honor de­mands that we con­tinue until the bi­tt­er end,” said Tor­to­ise.

“It won’t be long,” Ac­hilles said gracious­ly. “What is your next move?”

“I would like to add an­oth­er piece of str­ing, but this time one-sixteenth in­ches long.”

“Done!” Scribble. “You have only one-sixteenth inch left, old friend!”

“My word,” said Tor­to­ise. “I should be care­ful with my al­lot­ted space. For the next one, I would like to add a piece of str­ing one-thirty-second in­ches long.”

“As you wish, poor Tor­to­ise, one-thirty-second inch added. Only one-thirty-second inch re­main­ing, and an in­fin­ity of str­ings to go! There will be PLEN­TY of rope left over to hang your­self with!” said Ac­hilles.

“Put on a sixty-fourth inch piece, a one-hundred-and-twenty-eighth inch piece, then a two-hundred- and-fifty-sixth inch piece, and a five-hundred-and-twelveth inch piece of str­ing,” said Tor­to­ise.

“Hold on, those are very big —no, SMALL— numb­ers!” Ac­hilles figured and scribbled for a minute. “Ah! There is only a five-hundred-and-twelveth inch re­main­ing! It’s too bad we’re not splitt­ing HAIRS, or you could have gott­en a lit­tle farth­er! Do you give up now?”

“Oh, wait, I see!” ex­claimed Laurie. “Ac­hilles, Tor­to­ise is right.”

“What? Don’t chan­ge your mind NOW, when I am so close to vic­to­ry!” Ac­hilles cried.

“No, I’m sure Tor­to­ise is right,” said Laurie. “Don’t you see? Every piece he adds is half as long as the one be­fore. That leaves just en­ough room left over. Then he re­peats again and again with short­er and short­er str­ings. Even if he adds an in­finite numb­er of pieces, it will NEVER reach two in­ches.”

“Well, hard­ly ever,” said Tor­to­ise.

Ac­hilles grimaced. “It seems you’ve done it again, Tor­to­ise. But just to make sure, I will check the arithmetic MYSELF.” He pro­ceeded to scribble in his notebook: one-thousand-twenty-fourth in­ches, plus two-thousand-forty-eighth in­ches, plus four-thousand-ninety-sixth in­ches, plus...

“THAT should keep him busy. Thank you for your as­sis­tance, Laurie.”

“You’re wel­come, Mr Tor­to­ise,” said Laurie. “I didn’t know some­th­ing so big could also be so small.”

“Or that some­th­ing so small can also be so big,” Tor­to­ise said.

“Mr Tor­to­ise, do you know how long this road is?” asked Laurie. “It feels like it goes on forev­er. I’m try­ing to get to the next town.”

“It’s quite long,” said Tor­to­ise. “In fact, it is in­finite.”

“Oh, no! How do I get to the end?”

“That can be done in two sim­ple steps.”

“Rea­l­ly? What steps?”

“A step with your right foot, then a step with your left foot. But the at­titude is im­por­tant. It’s in­tegr­al. Close your eyes and pic­ture the road as only two steps long, like the str­ing.”

Laurie closed her eyes, took a deep breath, and step­ped for­ward with her right foot. Then she step­ped again with her left foot. When she op­ened her eyes, Ac­hilles and the Tor­to­ise were gone. In front of her was a signpost: